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1 develop new products
Экономика: разрабатывать новую продукцию -
2 to develop new products
English-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > to develop new products
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3 product
nпродукт, продукция, изделие
- advanced products
- agricultural products
- aircraft products
- all-season product
- ancillary products
- animal products
- animal and plant products
- annual product
- auxiliary product
- aviation products
- banking product
- basic products
- bespoke banking product
- branded products
- bulky product
- capital-intensive product
- capitalized product
- captive product
- certified product
- characteristic product
- chemical products
- commercial product
- commodity product
- comparable products
- comparative products
- competitive products
- complete product
- conforming product
- consumer product
- consumption product
- custom-made product
- dairy products
- defensive products
- delivered products
- different products
- differentiated products
- diversified products
- domestic products
- dumped products
- end product
- engineering products
- excess product
- expensive products
- export products
- exported products
- factory products
- factory-made products
- farm products
- final product
- finished product
- first-class product
- first-rate product
- flexible products
- fodder products
- food products
- foreign products
- foreign-made products
- forest products
- fresh products
- frozen products
- genetically modified products
- good quality product
- gross product
- gross domestic product
- gross national product
- half-finished product
- hard-to-move product
- hard-to-sell product
- health care products
- high-grade product
- highly effective products
- highly efficient products
- highly technical product
- high-priced products
- high-quality products
- high-reliability product
- high-technology products
- home product
- home-made product
- home-used product
- hottest-selling products
- imported products
- industrial products
- industrialized products
- inedible products
- inland product
- insurance product
- intermediate product
- joint products
- labour-intensive product
- licensed product
- listed products
- livestock products
- low-priced products
- made-to-order product
- main product
- manufactured products
- marginal product
- marginal revenue product
- marginal value product
- marketable product
- merchantable sales product
- multi-use product
- national product
- net product
- net domestic product
- net material product
- net national product
- newly designed product
- noncapitalized product
- nonpatentable product
- nonstandard product
- nonstorable product
- obsolescent product
- off-standard product
- patentable product
- patented product
- perishable product
- piggyback product
- pioneer product
- potential gross national product
- primary product
- prime product
- prime quality product
- private label product
- processed product
- promising product
- promoted product
- proprietary product
- proven product
- purchased product
- qualified product
- quality product
- questionable product
- ready-made product
- real net national product
- rejected product
- related products
- respective products
- returned product
- revised product
- rival product
- saleable products
- science-intensive products
- secondary product
- semifinished product
- semimanufactured product
- semiprocessed product
- semistandard product
- serial products
- sideline products
- similar products
- single-use product
- slow-moving product
- social product
- sold products
- sophisticated products
- special products
- spoiled products
- standard products
- standardized product
- substandard product
- substitution product
- superior product
- surplus product
- tangible product
- timber and paper products
- top quality product
- total product
- tying products
- unidentified product
- unfinished products
- unified product
- unmarketable products
- unpatented product
- unsaleable product
- useless product
- various products
- waste products
- product of industry
- product of labour
- products of superior quality
- products of vegetable and animal origin
- product superior in quality
- advertise a product
- assess a product
- deal in products
- demonstrate a product
- develop new products
- evaluate a product
- exchange products
- exhibit products
- feature products
- freeze products
- guarantee a product
- introduce a product into the market
- label a product
- launch a product
- list products
- manufacture products
- process products
- sell products
- show products
- store products
- turn out productsEnglish-russian dctionary of contemporary Economics > product
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4 Stage-gate system
Менеджмент: гейтовая система (a proprietary business program to help companies develop new products, see http://www.stage-gate.com) -
5 Creativity
Put in this bald way, these aims sound utopian. How utopian they areor rather, how imminent their realization-depends on how broadly or narrowly we interpret the term "creative." If we are willing to regard all human complex problem solving as creative, then-as we will point out-successful programs for problem solving mechanisms that simulate human problem solvers already exist, and a number of their general characteristics are known. If we reserve the term "creative" for activities like discovery of the special theory of relativity or the composition of Beethoven's Seventh Symphony, then no example of a creative mechanism exists at the present time. (Simon, 1979, pp. 144-145)Among the questions that can now be given preliminary answers in computational terms are the following: how can ideas from very different sources be spontaneously thought of together? how can two ideas be merged to produce a new structure, which shows the influence of both ancestor ideas without being a mere "cut-and-paste" combination? how can the mind be "primed," so that one will more easily notice serendipitous ideas? why may someone notice-and remember-something fairly uninteresting, if it occurs in an interesting context? how can a brief phrase conjure up an entire melody from memory? and how can we accept two ideas as similar ("love" and "prove" as rhyming, for instance) in respect of a feature not identical in both? The features of connectionist AI models that suggest answers to these questions are their powers of pattern completion, graceful degradation, sensitization, multiple constraint satisfaction, and "best-fit" equilibration.... Here, the important point is that the unconscious, "insightful," associative aspects of creativity can be explained-in outline, at least-by AI methods. (Boden, 1996, p. 273)There thus appears to be an underlying similarity in the process involved in creative innovation and social independence, with common traits and postures required for expression of both behaviors. The difference is one of product-literary, musical, artistic, theoretical products on the one hand, opinions on the other-rather than one of process. In both instances the individual must believe that his perceptions are meaningful and valid and be willing to rely upon his own interpretations. He must trust himself sufficiently that even when persons express opinions counter to his own he can proceed on the basis of his own perceptions and convictions. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 58)he average level of ego strength and emotional stability is noticeably higher among creative geniuses than among the general population, though it is possibly lower than among men of comparable intelligence and education who go into administrative and similar positions. High anxiety and excitability appear common (e.g. Priestley, Darwin, Kepler) but full-blown neurosis is quite rare. (Cattell & Butcher, 1970, p. 315)he insight that is supposed to be required for such work as discovery turns out to be synonymous with the familiar process of recognition; and other terms commonly used in the discussion of creative work-such terms as "judgment," "creativity," or even "genius"-appear to be wholly dispensable or to be definable, as insight is, in terms of mundane and well-understood concepts. (Simon, 1989, p. 376)From the sketch material still in existence, from the condition of the fragments, and from the autographs themselves we can draw definite conclusions about Mozart's creative process. To invent musical ideas he did not need any stimulation; they came to his mind "ready-made" and in polished form. In contrast to Beethoven, who made numerous attempts at shaping his musical ideas until he found the definitive formulation of a theme, Mozart's first inspiration has the stamp of finality. Any Mozart theme has completeness and unity; as a phenomenon it is a Gestalt. (Herzmann, 1964, p. 28)Great artists enlarge the limits of one's perception. Looking at the world through the eyes of Rembrandt or Tolstoy makes one able to perceive aspects of truth about the world which one could not have achieved without their aid. Freud believed that science was adaptive because it facilitated mastery of the external world; but was it not the case that many scientific theories, like works of art, also originated in phantasy? Certainly, reading accounts of scientific discovery by men of the calibre of Einstein compelled me to conclude that phantasy was not merely escapist, but a way of reaching new insights concerning the nature of reality. Scientific hypotheses require proof; works of art do not. Both are concerned with creating order, with making sense out of the world and our experience of it. (Storr, 1993, p. xii)The importance of self-esteem for creative expression appears to be almost beyond disproof. Without a high regard for himself the individual who is working in the frontiers of his field cannot trust himself to discriminate between the trivial and the significant. Without trust in his own powers the person seeking improved solutions or alternative theories has no basis for distinguishing the significant and profound innovation from the one that is merely different.... An essential component of the creative process, whether it be analysis, synthesis, or the development of a new perspective or more comprehensive theory, is the conviction that one's judgment in interpreting the events is to be trusted. (Coopersmith, 1967, p. 59)In the daily stream of thought these four different stages [preparation; incubation; illumination or inspiration; and verification] constantly overlap each other as we explore different problems. An economist reading a Blue Book, a physiologist watching an experiment, or a business man going through his morning's letters, may at the same time be "incubating" on a problem which he proposed to himself a few days ago, be accumulating knowledge in "preparation" for a second problem, and be "verifying" his conclusions to a third problem. Even in exploring the same problem, the mind may be unconsciously incubating on one aspect of it, while it is consciously employed in preparing for or verifying another aspect. (Wallas, 1926, p. 81)he basic, bisociative pattern of the creative synthesis [is] the sudden interlocking of two previously unrelated skills, or matrices of thought. (Koestler, 1964, p. 121)11) The Earliest Stages in the Creative Process Involve a Commerce with DisorderEven to the creator himself, the earliest effort may seem to involve a commerce with disorder. For the creative order, which is an extension of life, is not an elaboration of the established, but a movement beyond the established, or at least a reorganization of it and often of elements not included in it. The first need is therefore to transcend the old order. Before any new order can be defined, the absolute power of the established, the hold upon us of what we know and are, must be broken. New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive that world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." (Ghiselin, 1985, p. 4)New life comes always from outside our world, as we commonly conceive our world. This is the reason why, in order to invent, one must yield to the indeterminate within him, or, more precisely, to certain illdefined impulses which seem to be of the very texture of the ungoverned fullness which John Livingston Lowes calls "the surging chaos of the unexpressed." Chaos and disorder are perhaps the wrong terms for that indeterminate fullness and activity of the inner life. For it is organic, dynamic, full of tension and tendency. What is absent from it, except in the decisive act of creation, is determination, fixity, and commitment to one resolution or another of the whole complex of its tensions. (Ghiselin, 1952, p. 13)[P]sychoanalysts have principally been concerned with the content of creative products, and with explaining content in terms of the artist's infantile past. They have paid less attention to examining why the artist chooses his particular activity to express, abreact or sublimate his emotions. In short, they have not made much distinction between art and neurosis; and, since the former is one of the blessings of mankind, whereas the latter is one of the curses, it seems a pity that they should not be better differentiated....Psychoanalysis, being fundamentally concerned with drive and motive, might have been expected to throw more light upon what impels the creative person that in fact it has. (Storr, 1993, pp. xvii, 3)A number of theoretical approaches were considered. Associative theory, as developed by Mednick (1962), gained some empirical support from the apparent validity of the Remote Associates Test, which was constructed on the basis of the theory.... Koestler's (1964) bisociative theory allows more complexity to mental organization than Mednick's associative theory, and postulates "associative contexts" or "frames of reference." He proposed that normal, non-creative, thought proceeds within particular contexts or frames and that the creative act involves linking together previously unconnected frames.... Simonton (1988) has developed associative notions further and explored the mathematical consequences of chance permutation of ideas....Like Koestler, Gruber (1980; Gruber and Davis, 1988) has based his analysis on case studies. He has focused especially on Darwin's development of the theory of evolution. Using piagetian notions, such as assimilation and accommodation, Gruber shows how Darwin's system of ideas changed very slowly over a period of many years. "Moments of insight," in Gruber's analysis, were the culminations of slow long-term processes.... Finally, the information-processing approach, as represented by Simon (1966) and Langley et al. (1987), was considered.... [Simon] points out the importance of good problem representations, both to ensure search is in an appropriate problem space and to aid in developing heuristic evaluations of possible research directions.... The work of Langley et al. (1987) demonstrates how such search processes, realized in computer programs, can indeed discover many basic laws of science from tables of raw data.... Boden (1990a, 1994) has stressed the importance of restructuring the problem space in creative work to develop new genres and paradigms in the arts and sciences. (Gilhooly, 1996, pp. 243-244; emphasis in original)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Creativity
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6 customer relationship management
Mktgthe cultivation of meaningful relationships with actual or potential purchasers of goods or services. Customer relationship management aims to increase an organization’s sales by promoting customer satisfaction, and can be achieved using tools such as relationship marketing.CRM is particularly important in the sphere of e-commerce, as there is no personal interaction between the vendor and the customer. A Web site therefore has to work hard to develop the relationship with customers and demonstrate that their business is valued. A CRM system generally includes some or all of the following components: customer information systems, personalization systems, content management systems, call center automation, data warehousing, data mining, sales force automation, and campaign management systems. All these elements combine to provide the essentials of CRM: understanding customer needs; anticipating their information requirements; answering their questions promptly and comprehensively; delivering exactly what they order; making deliveries on time; and suggesting new products that they will be genuinely interested in.Abbr. CRMThe ultimate business dictionary > customer relationship management
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7 product
сущ.1)а) эк. продукт, изделие, товар (предмет, созданный человеком, машиной или природой; чаще всего имеются в виду предметы, созданные с целью продажи); мн. продукцияfood products — продукты, продовольственные товары
high-quality product — товар высокого качества, высококачественный [первоклассный\] товар
premium quality [premium grade\] product — товар высшего сорта [качества\], товар класса премиум-класса
undiscounted products — товары, продаваемые без скидки
fairly-priced product — товар по приемлемой [справедливой\] цене
See:acceptable product, accessory product, actual product, adulterated product, advanced technology products, ageing product, agricultural product, alimentary products, allied products, all-meat product, alternative products, ancillary product, anonymous product, augmented product, bakery products 1), basic product, beauty product, best-selling product, business products, by-product 1), &3, capitalized product, captive product, characteristic product, 2), co-product, commercialized product, commodity product, common product, comparable products, competing products, competiting products, competitive product, competitive products, complementary products, complete product, complicated product, conforming product, consumer products, consumer durable product, convenience products, core product, crop products, custom-designed product, customized product, custom-made product, declining product, deficient product, dehydrated product, differentiated product, diminishing marginal product, disposable product, diversified products, DIY product, do-it-yourself product, domestic product, durable products, egg product, electronics products, end product 2), &3, energy-saving product, entrenched product, essential product, established product, ethical product, ethnic product, everyday product, exclusive product, export products, fair trade product, fairly traded product, fairtrade product, fighting product, final product 1), а&2, financial product, food products, foreign products, formal product, functional product, generic product, global product, green products, grooming product, hair-care product, half-finished product, harmful product, health product, hedonic product, heterogeneous product, high performance product, high quality product, high-interest product 1), high-involvement products, high-margin product, high-reliability product, high-risk product, high-tech product, high-turnover product, high-value product, home-grown product, home-produced product, homogeneous product, hot product, household cleaning product, household maintenance products, household product, hygiene product, imitative product, imperfect product, import products, import-sensitive products, impulse product, industrial product, inferior product, information product, innovative product, in-process product, intangible product, interlocking products, intermediate product, investigated product, joint product, key product, knowledge-intensive product, known product, laundry products, lead product, leading edge product, leisure products, leisure-time products, licensed product, line extension product, livestock product, low-interest product 1), low-involvement products, low-value product, luxury product, main product 2), &3, manufactured products, marginal physical product, marginal product, mature product, me-too product, metal product, misbranded product, multinational product, multiple-use product 2), mundane product, national product, necessary product, necessity product, new product, no-name product, nonconforming product, non-conforming product, non-durable products, nonfood products, non-standard product, novel product, office products, off-price product, off-standard product, oil products, one-shot product, optional product, over-engineered product, paper products, parity products, patentable product, patented product, patent-protected product, payment product, pension product, pharmaceutical product, physical product, plant products, potential product, premium product, prestige products, price-sensitive product, primary products, prime product, printed products, private brand products, private label products, processed product, qualified product, quality products, ready-made product, rejected product, related product, replacement product, representative product, retirement product, revenue product, revised product, safe product, saleable product, salutary product, satisfactory product, scarce product, second generation product, secondary product, semi-finished products, shoddy product, sideline product, single-use product, skill-intensive product, slow-moving product, social product, sophisticated product, standardized products, sugared product, superior product, supplementary products, surplus product, synthetic product, tainted products, tangible product, tied product, tied products, tinned products, tobacco products 1), tying products, unacceptable product, unbranded product, unidentified product, unpatented product, unsafe product, unsaleable product, unsatisfactory product, utilitarian product, vendible product, viable product, wanted product, well-designed product, worthwhile product, product acceptability, product acceptance, product adaptability, product adaptation, product addition, product advertising, product analysis, product announcement, product application, product area, product arsenal, product assessment, product association, product assortment, product assurance, product augmentation, product availability, product awareness, product benefit, product billing, product brand, product branding, product bundling, product capabilities, product category, product choice, product claim, product class, product classification, product company, product compatibility, product competition, product comprehension, product concept, product conception, product control, product copy, product cost, product costing, product coverage, product cycle, product decision, product deletion, product demand, product demonstration, product departmentalization, product design, product development, product differences, product differentiation, product display, product distribution network, product diversification, product division, product element, product elimination, product engineering, product enhancement, product evaluation, product evolution, product exchange, product exhaustion, product expansion, product extension, product failure, product family, product field, product flows, product form, product graduation, product group, product homogeneity, product idea, product image, product improvement, product inflation, product innovation, product inspection, product integrity, product introduction, product invention, product item, product knowledge, product label, product labelling, product layout, product leveraging, product liability, product life, product life cycle, product line, product lineup, product literature, product management, product manager, product manual, product market, product marketing, product matching, product message, product mix, product modification, product name, product nameplate, product offering, product opportunity, product organization, product orientation, product origin, product patent, product perception, product performance, product personality, product placement, product plan, product planner, product planning, product policy, product portfolio, product position, product positioning, product preference, product presentation, product price, product pricing, product profile, product proliferation, product promotion, product proof, product protection, product publicity, product puffery, product quality, product quantity, product range, product rationalization, product recall, product release, product requirements, product research, product research and development, product retailer, product revision, product revolution, product safety, product sales, product sample, product sampling, product satisfaction, product segment, product segmentation, product shortage, product specialization, product specifications, product standard, product statement, product strategy, product structure, product style, product styling, product subline, product superiority, product survey, product tangibility, product team, product technology, product test, product testimony, product testing, product trial, product type, product uniformity, product usage, product validation, product variation, product variety, product warranty, endorse a product, Central Product Classification, Certificate of Pharmaceutical Product, Chemical and Allied Products Merchant Wholesalers, Clay Product and Refractory Manufacturing, debt-for-products swapб) эк. продукт, объем продукции ( количество произведенных товаров или услуг)company's product — продукция компании, товары компании
See:2) общ. результат, продукт (итог какой-л. деятельности)History is the product of social and economic forces. — История — это результат взаимодействия общественных и экономических факторов.
the product of this activity is radiation — в результате этой деятельности появляется радиация.
See:3) мат. произведение ( результат умножения двух чисел)
* * *
продукт, товар: что-либо производимое для продажи.* * ** * *. . Словарь экономических терминов .* * * -
8 chemical engineering
химическое производство
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[ http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]EN
chemical engineering
The branch of engineering concerned with industrial manufacture of chemical products. It is a discipline in which the principles of mathematical, physical and natural sciences are used to solve problems in applied chemistry. Chemical engineers design, develop, and optimise processes and plants, operate them, manage personnel and capital, and conduct research necessary for new developments. Through their efforts, new petroleum products, plastics, agricultural chemicals, house-hold products, pharmaceuticals, electronic and advanced materials, photographic materials, chemical and biological compounds, various food and other products evolve. (Source: USTa)
[http://www.eionet.europa.eu/gemet/alphabetic?langcode=en]Тематики
EN
DE
FR
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > chemical engineering
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9 market
ˈmɑ:kɪt
1. сущ.
1) базар, рынок to shop at the market ≈ делать покупки на рынке fish market ≈ рыбный базар food market ≈ продовольственный рынок meat market ≈ мясной рынок open-air market ≈ открытый рынок
2) рынок (сбыта) ;
сбыт;
спрос We're in the market for a new house. ≈ Мы стремимся купить новый дом. There's no market for these goods. ≈ На эти товары нет спроса. to be on the market ≈ продаваться to be in the market for ≈ быть потенциальным покупателем;
стремиться купить что-л. to create a market ≈ создавать спрос to capture a market, corner a market, monopolize a market ≈ монополизировать рынок to come into the market ≈ поступать в продажу to depress a market ≈ понижать спрос to find a (ready) market ≈ пользоваться спросом to flood a market, glut a market ≈ насыщать, наводнять рынок to study the market ≈ изучать спрос to put on the market ≈ пускать в продажу, выпускать на рынок bond market ≈ рынок облигаций commodities market ≈ товарная биржа, рынок товаров housing market ≈ рынок недвижимости labor market ≈ рынок труда market research ≈ изучение конъюнктуры, возможностей рынка open market operations ≈ операции на открытом рынке securities market ≈ рынок ценных бумаг stock market ≈ фондовая биржа
3) торговля used-car market ≈ торговля подержанными автомобилями wheat market ≈ торговля пшеницей brisk market ≈ бойкая торговля hours of market ≈ часы торговли
4) рыночные цены at a market ≈ по рыночной цене the market is active ≈ рыночные цены высоки the market is depressed ≈ рыночные цены снижены to play the market ≈ спекулировать на бирже buyer's market ≈ конъюнктура рынка, выгодная для покупателя seller's market ≈ конъюнктура рынка, выгодная для продавца bear market ≈ рынок с понижательной тенденцией, рынок, на котором наблюдается тенденция к снижению курсов (акций) bull market ≈ рынок, на котором наблюдается тенденция к повышению курсов falling market ≈ рынок, цены на котором падают firm market ≈ рынок, цены на котором держатся твердо rising market ≈ рынок, цены на котором поднимаются steady market ≈ рынок, цены на котором держатся твердо sluggish market ≈ рынок, цены на котором движутся вяло
5) амер. продовольственный магазин ∙ to bring one's eggs/hogs to a bad (или the wrong) market ≈ просчитаться;
потерпеть неудачу to be on the long side of the market ≈ придерживать товар в ожидании повышения цен
2. гл.
1) а) привозить, доставлять( товар) на рынок б) покупать на рынке в) торговать, продавать на рынке
2) продавать;
сбывать;
находить рынок сбыта Syn: sell
1. рынок, базар - covered * крытый рынок - to go to (the) * идти на базар - the next * is on Tuesday следующий базар /базарный день/ (будет) во вторник - he sends his pigs to * он продает своих свиней на базаре рынок (сбыта) - home * внутренний рынок - foreign *s иностранные рынки - overseas *s заморские рынки - world * мировой рынок - Common M. Общий рынок - the wholesale * оптовый рынок - * penetration выход на рынок сбыта - to look for new *s искать новые рынки - * analysis анализ рыночной конъюнктуры - * research изучение конъюнктуры /возможностей/ рынка продажа;
сбыт;
спрос - to be in /on/ the * продаваться - his house is in the * его дом продается - it's the dearest car on the * это самый дорогой автомобиль из всех имеющихся в продаже - to be in the * for smth. быть потенциальным покупателем;
стремиться купить что.л. - to come into the * поступить в продажу - to bring to *, to put on the * пустить в продажу, выбросить на рынок - to find a (ready) * (легко) найти сбыт;
иметь сбыт;
пользоваться спросом - the products of this industry always find a * изделия этой отрасли промышленности всегда находят сбыт /пользуются спросом/ - there is a * for small cars имеется спрос на малолитражные автомобили - there is no * for these goods на эти товары нет спроса - this appeals to the French * это находит покупателя /хорошо идет/ во Франции he can't find a * for his skills ему негде применить свое мастерство торговля - the corn * торговля зерном - the * in wool торговля шерстью - an active /a brisk, a lively/ * бойкая /оживленная/ торговля - a dull * вялая торговля - the flour * is dull торговля мукой идет вяло - to make a * of smth. торговать чем-л.;
торговаться в отношении чего-л.;
пытаться заработать на чем-л. или обменять что-л. рыночная цена (тж. * price) - * condition конъюнктура /состояние/ рынка - buyer's * конъюнктура рынка, выгодная для покупателя - * economy рыночная экономика - at the * по рыночной цене - to raise the * поднять цены - to engross the * скупать товар для перепродажи его по более высокой цене, скупать товар со спекулятивными целями - the * rose цены поднялись - we'll lose money by selling on a falling * мы потеряем деньги, если будем продавать, когда цены падают - the cotton * is firm цена на хлопок держится( твердо) - the coffee * is steady цена на кофе стабильна - to rig the * искусственно повышать или понижать цены или курсы - to play the * спекулировать на бирже чаще (американизм) продовольственный магазин - meat * мясной магазин > black * черный рынок > marriage * ярмарка невест > to mar one's * принести вред себе, подвести себя > to bring one's eggs /hogs,pigs/ to a bad /to the wrong/ * просчитаться;
потерпеть неудачу, првалиться привезти на рынок продавать;
сбывать;
находить рынок сбыта - the firm *s many types of goods эта фирма предлагает разнообразные товары торговать, купить или продать на рынке (американизм) ходить за покупками, ходить по магазинам - to go *ing отправляться за покупками active ~ оживленный рынок advancing ~ растущий рынок after hours ~ сделки, заключенные после официального закрытия биржи after ~ внебиржевой рынок ценных бумаг approach a ~ выход на рынок arbitrage ~ арбитражный рынок banking ~ банковский рынок barely steady ~ устойчивый рынок с тенденцией к понижению to be on the long side of the ~ придерживать товар в ожидании повышения цен ~ сбыт;
to come into the market поступить в продажу;
to put on the market пустить в продажу;
to be on the market продаваться bearish ~ рынок, на котором наблюдается тенденция к снижению курсов bearish ~ бирж. рынок с понижением фондовой конъюнктуры black ~ черный рынок black ~ черный рынок bond ~ рынок облигаций с фиксированной ставкой to bring one's eggs (или hogs) to a bad (или the wrong) ~ просчитаться;
потерпеть неудачу ~ торговля;
brisk market бойкая торговля;
hours of market часы торговли bulk ~ рынок транспортных услуг для массовых грузов bull ~ бирж. рынок спекулянтов, играющих на повышение bull the ~ exc. играть на повышение bullish ~ бирж. рынок спекулянтов, играющих на повышение buyer's ~ конъюнктура рынка, выгодная для покупателя calm the ~ устанавливать спокойствие на рынке calm the ~ устранять колебания рыночной конъюнктуры capital ~ рынок долгосрочного ссудного капитала capital ~ рынок капиталов captive ~ рынок, нейтрализующий конкуренцию captive ~ рынок, защищенный от конкуренции cash ~ бирж. наличный рынок cash ~ бирж. рынок реальных финансовых инструментов certificate-of-deposit ~ рынок депозитных сертификатов ~ сбыт;
to come into the market поступить в продажу;
to put on the market пустить в продажу;
to be on the market продаваться commodity ~ рынок товаров commodity ~ товарная биржа commodity ~ товарный рынок market: confident ~ устойчивый рынок consolidate a ~ укреплять рынок consumer ~ потребительский рынок control the ~ контролировать рынок controlled ~ регулируемый рынок credit ~ рынок кредита cross-border ~ международный рынок cultivate a ~ развивать рынок currency ~ валютный рынок dampened ~ вялый рынок dampened ~ неактивный рынок debenture ~ рынок долговых обязательств declining ~ сужающийся рынок depressed ~ вялый рынок depressed ~ неактивный рынок develop a ~ осваивать рынок develop a ~ развивать рынок development aid ~ рынок помощи в целях развития difficult ~ трудный рынок domestic capital ~ внутренний рынок долгосрочного ссудного капитала domestic ~ внутренний рынок domestic ~ отечественный рынок dual exchange ~ валютный рынок с двойным режимом dull ~ вялый рынок dull ~ неактивный рынок either way ~ альтернативный рынок energy ~ рынок энергоресурсов equity ~ рынок акций equity ~ рынок ценных бумаг eurobond ~ рынок еврооблигаций eurocurrency ~ евровалютный рынок eurodollar bond ~ рынок евродолларовых облигаций exchange ~ валютный рынок excited ~ оживленный рынок expectant ~ предполагаемый рынок export ~ внешний рынок factor ~ рынок факторов производства falling ~ понижательная рыночная конъюнктура financial ~ финансовый рынок ~ спрос;
to find a (ready) market пользоваться спросом;
there's no market for these goods на эти товары нет спроса market: find a ~ находить рынок firm ~ устойчивый рынок flat ~ бирж. вялый рынок flat ~ бирж. неоживленный рынок flood the ~ наводнять рынок fluctuating ~ нестабильный рынок foreign capital ~ рынок иностранного капитала foreign exchange ~ рынок иностранной валюты foreign ~ внешний рынок forward bond ~ бирж. рынок форвардных облигаций forward exchange ~ форвардный валютный рынок forward ~ форвардный рынок fourth ~ прямая торговля крупными партиями ценных бумаг между институциональными инвесторами free ~ свободный рынок, торговля на основе неограниченной конкуренции free ~ свободный рынок freight ~ рынок грузовых перевозок futures ~ бирж. фьючерсный рынок geographical ~ географический рынок glut the ~ затоваривать рынок goods ~ товарный рынок grey ~ внебиржевой рынок ценных бумаг grey ~ нерегулируемый денежный рынок grey ~ рынок новых облигаций heterogeneous ~ неоднородный рынок homogeneous ~ однородный рынок ~ торговля;
brisk market бойкая торговля;
hours of market часы торговли illegal ~ нелегальный рынок illegal ~ черный рынок illicit ~ нелегальный рынок illicit ~ черный рынок imperfect ~ несовершенный рынок import ~ рынок импорта inactive ~ вялый рынок inactive ~ неактивный рынок insurance ~ рынок страхования interbank ~ межбанковский рынок internal ~ внутренний рынок kerb ~ бирж. внебиржевой рынок kerb ~ бирж. торговля ценными бумагами вне фондовой биржи kerbstone ~ бирж. внебиржевой рынок kerbstone ~ бирж. торговля ценными бумагами вне фондовой биржи labour ~ рынок рабочей силы labour ~ рынок труда leading-edge ~ рынок передовой технологии loan ~ рынок ссуд loan ~ рынок ссудного капитала lose a ~ терять рынок make a ~ создавать рынок market (the M.) = common ~ биржа ~ городской рынок ~ находить рынок сбыта ~ объем потенциальных перевозок ~ покупать ~ привезти на рынок;
купить или продать на рынке ~ продавать;
сбывать;
находить рынок сбыта ~ продавать на рынке ~ амер. продовольственный магазин ~ пускать в оборот ~ реализовывать на рынке ~ рынок, базар ~ рынок ~ рынок транспортных услуг ~ рыночная цена ~ рыночные цены;
the market rose цены поднялись;
to play the market спекулировать на бирже ~ рыночные цены ~ attr. рыночный;
market research обобщение данных о конъюнктуре рынка ~ сбывать на рынке ~ сбыт;
to come into the market поступить в продажу;
to put on the market пустить в продажу;
to be on the market продаваться ~ сбыт ~ состояние конъюнктуры ~ специализированный продовольственный магазин ~ спрос;
to find a (ready) market пользоваться спросом;
there's no market for these goods на эти товары нет спроса ~ спрос ~ торговать ~ торговля;
brisk market бойкая торговля;
hours of market часы торговли ~ торговля Market: Market: Common ~ Европейское экономическое сообщество market: market: confident ~ устойчивый рынок ~ attr. рыночный;
market research обобщение данных о конъюнктуре рынка research: market ~ анализ рыночного потенциала нового продукта market ~ анализ состояния рынка market ~ изучение возможностей рынка market ~ изучение рыночной конъюнктуры market ~ исследование рынка market ~ маркетинговое исследование ~ рыночные цены;
the market rose цены поднялись;
to play the market спекулировать на бирже mass ~ рынок товаров массового производства money ~ денежный рынок, валютный рынок money ~ денежный рынок money ~ рынок краткосрочного капитала mortgage deed ~ рынок залоговых сертификатов move the ~ продвигать товар на рынок near ~ ближний рынок negotiated deposit ~ договорный депозитный рынок new issue ~ рынок новых эмиссий ocean shipping ~ рынок морских перевозок off-the-board ~ внебиржевой рынок offshore ~ зарубежный рынок oil ~ рынок нефти on free ~ на свободном рынке one-way ~ односторонний рынок open ~ открытый рынок open: ~ market вольный рынок;
the post is still open место еще не занято options ~ бирж. рынок опционов overseas ~ внешний рынок perfect ~ идеальный рынок physical ~ наличный рынок ~ рыночные цены;
the market rose цены поднялись;
to play the market спекулировать на бирже primary ~ первичный рынок primary ~ рынок новых ценных бумаг primary ~ рынок сырьевых товаров primary ~ рынок товара, лежащего в основе срочного контракта primary ~ рынок финансового инструмента, лежащего в основе срочного контракта profitable ~ рентабельный рынок property ~ рынок недвижимости ~ сбыт;
to come into the market поступить в продажу;
to put on the market пустить в продажу;
to be on the market продаваться put: ~ yourself in his place поставь себя на его место;
to put on the market выпускать в продажу raw material ~ рынок сырья ready ~ готовый рынок real estate ~ рынок недвижимости receding ~ рынок со снижающимися курсами reseller ~ рынок перепродаваемых товаров rig the ~ искусственно вздувать курсы ценных бумаг rig: ~ действовать нечестно;
мошенничать;
to rig the market искусственно повышать или понижать цены rigging the ~ искусственное вздувание курсов ценных бумаг rising ~ растущий рынок sagging ~ рынок, характеризующийся понижением цен sagging ~ рынок, характеризующийся падением курсов second ~ вторичный рынок second ~ второстепенный рынок second-hand ~ второстепенный рынок second-hand ~ рынок подержанных товаров secondary labour ~ вторичный рынок труда secondary ~ вторичный рынок secondary mortgage ~ вторичный ипотечный рынок securities ~ рынок ценных бумаг seller's ~ эк. рынок, на котором спрос превышает предложение seller's ~ рынок продавцов seller's ~ рыночная конъюнктура, выгодная для продавцов sensitive ~ неустойчивый рынок sensitive ~ рынок, способный к быстрой реакции sensitive ~ рынок, отражающий конъюнктурные колебания sensitive: ~ чувствительный;
восприимчивый;
a sensitive ear (болезненно) тонкий слух;
sensitive market эк. неустойчивый рынок share ~ фондовая биржа share ~ фондовый рынок sheltered ~ закрытая организация (например, фондовая биржа) single European ~ единый европейский рынок slack ~ неактивный рынок с большим разрывом между ценами продавца и покупателя slackening ~ неактивный рынок с большим разрывом между ценами продавца и покупателя slipping ~ рынок с тенденцией понижения курсов ценных бумаг spot ~ наличный рынок spot ~ рынок наличного товара spot ~ рынок реального товара steady ~ стабильный рынок steady ~ устойчивый рынок steady the ~ стабилизировать рынок stock ~ уровень цен на бирже stock ~ фондовая биржа stock ~ фондовый рынок street ~ внебиржевой рынок street ~ неофициальная биржа street ~ сделки, заключенные после официального закрытия биржи swamp the ~ наводнять рынок target ~ целевой рынок test ~ пробный рынок test the ~ проверять рынок ~ спрос;
to find a (ready) market пользоваться спросом;
there's no market for these goods на эти товары нет спроса thin ~ вялый рынок thin ~ бирж. неактивный рынок thin ~ рынок с незначительным числом участников и низким уровнем активности third ~ внебиржевой рынок ценных бумаг third ~ рынок ценных бумаг, не удовлетворяющих требованиям фондовой биржи tight labour ~ рынок труда с высоким спросом на рабочую силу tight ~ активный рынок с незначительным разрывом между ценами продавца и покупателя tight ~ рынок с недостаточным предложением trading ~ бирж. вторичный рынок training ~ рынок профобразования two-way ~ рынок, на котором постоянно котируются цены покупателя и продавца two-way ~ рынок ценных бумаг, на котором заключается большое количество сделок без резких колебаний цен uncertain ~ рынок в неопределенном состоянии unchanged ~ неизменившийся рынок underground ~ черный рынок unofficial ~ неофициальная биржа unregulated labour ~ стихийный рынок рабочей силы unsettled ~ неустойчивый рынок untapped ~ неосвоенный рынок via interbank ~ через межбанковский рынок weak ~ рынок, характеризующийся преобладанием продавцов и понижением цен weaken the ~ снижать активность на рынке wholesale ~ внутренний рынок (рынок, на котором продавцами и покупателями выступают дилеры за свой счет) world ~ мировой рынок world: ~ line-up расстановка сил в мире;
world market мировой рынок;
world trade международная торговля -
10 Carlson, Chester Floyd
SUBJECT AREA: Photography, film and optics[br]b. 8 July 1906 Seattle, Washington, USAd. 19 September 1968 New York, USA[br][br]Carlson studied physics at the California Institute of Technology and in 1930 he took a research position at Bell Telephone Laboratories, but soon transferred to their patent department. To equip himself in this field, Carlson studied law, and in 1934 he became a patent attorney at P.R.Mallory \& Co., makers of electrical apparatus. He was struck by the difficulty in obtaining copies of documents and drawings; indeed, while still at school, he had encountered printing problems in trying to produce a newsletter for amateur chemists. He began experimenting with various light-sensitive substances, and by 1937 he had conceived the basic principles of xerography ("dry writing"), using the property of certain substances of losing an electrostatic charge when light impinges on them. His work for Mallory brought him into contact with the Battelle Memorial Institute, the world's largest non-profit research organization; their subsidiary, set up to develop promising ideas, took up Carlson's invention. Carlson received his first US patent for the process in 1940, with two more in 1942, and he assigned to Battelle exclusive patent rights in return for a share of any future proceeds. It was at Battelle that selenium was substituted as the light-sensitive material.In 1946 the Haloid Company of Rochester, manufacturers of photographic materials and photocopying equipment, heard of the Xerox copier and, seeing it as a possible addition to their products, took out a licence to develop it commercially. The first Xerox Copier was tested during 1949 and put on the market the following year. The process soon began to displace older methods, such as Photostat, but its full impact on the public came in 1959 with the advent of the Xerox 914 Copier. It is fair to apply the overworked word "revolution" to the change in copying methods initiated by Carlson. He became a multimillionaire from his royalties and stock holding, and in his last years he was able to indulge in philanthropic activities.[br]Further ReadingObituary, 1968, New York Times, 20 September.R.M.Schaffert, 1954, "Developments in xerography", Penrose Annual.J.Jewkes, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London: Macmillan, pp. 405–8.LRD -
11 Kettering, Charles Franklin
SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Electricity, Electronics and information technology, Metallurgy, Steam and internal combustion engines[br]b. 29 August 1876 near Londonsville, Ohio, USAd. 25 November 1958 Dayton, Ohio, USA[br]American engineer and inventor.[br]Kettering gained degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering from Ohio State University. He was employed by the National Construction Register (NCR) of Dayton, Ohio, where he devised an electric motor for use in cash registers. He became Head of the Inventions Department of that company but left in 1909 to form, with the former Works Manager of NCR, Edward A. Deeds, the Dayton Engineering Laboratories (later called Delco), to develop improved lighting and ignition systems for automobiles. In the first two years of the new company he produced not only these but also the first self-starter, both of which were fitted to the Cadillac, America's leading luxury car. In 1914 he founded Dayton Metal Products and the Dayton Wright Airplane Company. Two years later Delco was bought by General Motors. In 1925 the independent research facilities of Delco were moved to Detroit and merged with General Motors' laboratories to form General Motors Research Corporation, of which Kettering was President and General Manager. (He had been Vice-President of General Motors since 1920.) In that position he headed investigations into methods of achieving maximum engine performance as well as into the nature of friction and combustion. Many other developments in the automobile field were made under his leadership, such as engine coolers, variable-speed transmissions, balancing machines, the two-way shock absorber, high-octane fuel, leaded petrol or gasoline, fast-drying lacquers, crank-case ventilators, chrome plating, and the high-compression automobile engine. Among his other activities were the establishment of the Charles Franklin Kettering Foundation for the Study of Chlorophyll and Photosynthesis at Antioch College, and the founding of the Sloan- Kettering Institute for Cancer Research in New York City. He sponsored the Fever Therapy Research Project at Miami Valley Hospital at Dayton, which developed the hypertherm, or artificial fever machine, for use in the treatment of disease. He resigned from General Motors in 1947.IMcNBiographical history of technology > Kettering, Charles Franklin
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12 lead time
Ops [m1]1. in inventory control, the time between placing an order and its arrival on site. Lead time differs from delivery time in that it also includes the time required to place an order and the time it takes to inspect the goods and receive them into the appropriate store. Inventory levels can afford to be lower and orders smaller when purchasing lead times are short.2. in new product development and manufacturing, the time required to develop a product from concept to market delivery. Lead time increases as a result of the poor sequencing of dependent activities, the lack of availability of resources, poor quality in the component parts, and poor plant layout. The technique of concurrent engineering focuses on the entire concept-to-customer process with the goal of reducing lead time. Companies can gain a competitive advantage by achieving a lead time reduction and so getting products to market faster. -
13 Boeing, William Edward
SUBJECT AREA: Aerospace[br]b. 1 October 1881 Detroit, Michigan, USAd. 28 September 1956 USA[br]American aircraft designer, creator of one of the most successful aircraft manufacturing companies in the world.[br]In 1915 William E.Boeing and his friend Commander Conrad Westervelt decided that they could improve on the aeroplanes then being produced in the United States. Boeing was a prominent Seattle businessman with interests in land and timber, while Westervelt was an officer in the US Navy. They bought a Martin Model T float-plane in order to gain some experience and then produced their own design, the B \& W, which first flew in June 1916. Westervelt was transferred to the East, leaving Boeing to continue the production of the B \& W floatplanes, for which purpose he set up the Pacific Aero Products Company. On 26 April 1917 this became the Boeing Airplane Company, which prospered following the US involvement in the First World War.In March 1919 Boeing and Edward Hubbard inaugurated the world's first international airmail service between Seattle and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The Boeing Company then had to face the slump in aircraft manufacturing after the war: they survived, and by 1922 they had started producing a successful series of fighters while continuing to develop their flying-boat and floatplane designs. Boeing set up the Boeing Air Transport Corporation to tender for lucrative airmail contracts and then produced aircraft which could out-perform those of his rivals. The company went from strength to strength and by the end of the 1920s a huge conglomerate had been built up: the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. They produced an advanced high-speed monoplane mailplane, the model 200 Monomail in 1930, which saw the birth of a new era of Boeing designs.The Wall Street crash of 1929 and legislation in 1934, which banned any company from both building aeroplanes and running an airline, were setbacks which the Boeing Airplane Company overcame, moving ahead to become world leaders. William E.Boeing decided that it was time he retired, but he returned to work during the Second World War.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsGuggenheim Medal 1934.Further ReadingC.Chant, 1982, Boeing: The World's Greatest Planemakers, Hadley Wood, England (describes William E.Boeing's part in the founding and building up of the Boeing Company).P.M.Bowers, 1990, Boeing Aircraft since 1916, 3rd edn, London (covers Boeing's aircraft).Boeing Company, 1977, Pedigree of Champions: Boeing since 1916, Seattle.JDS -
14 Riley, James
SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy[br]b. 1840 Halifax, Englandd. 15 July 1910 Harrogate, England[br]English steelmaker who promoted the manufacture of low-carbon bulk steel by the open-hearth process for tin plate and shipbuilding; pioneer of nickel steels.[br]After working as a millwright in Halifax, Riley found employment at the Ormesby Ironworks in Middlesbrough until, in 1869, he became manager of the Askam Ironworks in Cumberland. Three years later, in 1872, he was appointed Blast-furnace Manager at the pioneering Siemens Steel Company's works at Landore, near Swansea in South Wales. Using Spanish ore, he produced the manganese-rich iron (spiegeleisen) required as an additive to make satisfactory steel. Riley was promoted in 1874 to be General Manager at Landore, and he worked with William Siemens to develop the use of the latter's regenerative furnace for the production of open-hearth steel. He persuaded Welsh makers of tin plate to use sheets rolled from lowcarbon (mild) steel instead of from charcoal iron and, partly by publishing some test results, he was instrumental in influencing the Admiralty to build two naval vessels of mild steel, the Mercury and the Iris.In 1878 Riley moved north on his appointment as General Manager of the Steel Company of Scotland, a firm closely associated with Charles Tennant that was formed in 1872 to make steel by the Siemens process. Already by 1878, fourteen Siemens melting furnaces had been erected, and in that year 42,000 long tons of ingots were produced at the company's Hallside (Newton) Works, situated 8 km (5 miles) south-east of Glasgow. Under Riley's leadership, steelmaking in open-hearth furnaces was initiated at a second plant situated at Blochairn. Plates and sections for all aspects of shipbuilding, including boilers, formed the main products; the company also supplied the greater part of the steel for the Forth (Railway) Bridge. Riley was associated with technical modifications which improved the performance of steelmaking furnaces using Siemens's principles. He built a gasfired cupola for melting pig-iron, and constructed the first British "universal" plate mill using three-high rolls (Lauth mill).At the request of French interests, Riley investigated the properties of steels containing various proportions of nickel; the report that he read before the Iron and Steel Institute in 1889 successfully brought to the notice of potential users the greatly enhanced strength that nickel could impart and its ability to yield alloys possessing substantially lower corrodibility.The Steel Company of Scotland paid dividends in the years to 1890, but then came a lean period. In 1895, at the age of 54, Riley moved once more to another employer, becoming General Manager of the Glasgow Iron and Steel Company, which had just laid out a new steelmaking plant at Wishaw, 25 km (15 miles) south-east of Glasgow, where it already had blast furnaces. Still the technical innovator, in 1900 Riley presented an account of his experiences in introducing molten blast-furnace metal as feed for the open-hearth steel furnaces. In the early 1890s it was largely through Riley's efforts that a West of Scotland Board of Conciliation and Arbitration for the Manufactured Steel Trade came into being; he was its first Chairman and then its President.In 1899 James Riley resigned from his Scottish employment to move back to his native Yorkshire, where he became his own master by acquiring the small Richmond Ironworks situated at Stockton-on-Tees. Although Riley's 1900 account to the Iron and Steel Institute was the last of the many of which he was author, he continued to contribute to the discussion of papers written by others.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsPresident, West of Scotland Iron and Steel Institute 1893–5. Vice-President, Iron and Steel Institute, 1893–1910. Iron and Steel Institute (London) Bessemer Gold Medal 1887.Bibliography1876, "On steel for shipbuilding as supplied to the Royal Navy", Transactions of the Institute of Naval Architects 17:135–55.1884, "On recent improvements in the method of manufacture of open-hearth steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 2:43–52 plus plates 27–31.1887, "Some investigations as to the effects of different methods of treatment of mild steel in the manufacture of plates", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:121–30 (plus sheets II and III and plates XI and XII).27 February 1888, "Improvements in basichearth steel making furnaces", British patent no. 2,896.27 February 1888, "Improvements in regenerative furnaces for steel-making and analogous operations", British patent no. 2,899.1889, "Alloys of nickel and steel", Journal of the Iron and Steel Institute 1:45–55.Further ReadingA.Slaven, 1986, "James Riley", in Dictionary of Scottish Business Biography 1860–1960, Volume 1: The Staple Industries (ed. A.Slaven and S. Checkland), Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 136–8."Men you know", The Bailie (Glasgow) 23 January 1884, series no. 588 (a brief biography, with portrait).J.C.Carr and W.Taplin, 1962, History of the British Steel Industry, Harvard University Press (contains an excellent summary of salient events).JKA
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